一、簡介

Go（Golang）中的網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程具有易用性、強(qiáng)大性和樂趣。本指南深入探討了網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程的復(fù)雜性，涵蓋了協(xié)議、TCP/UDP 套接字、并發(fā)等方面的內(nèi)容，并附有詳細(xì)的注釋。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

二、關(guān)鍵概念

1. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議

• TCP（傳輸控制協(xié)議）：確保可靠的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。
• UDP（用戶數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)協(xié)議）：更快，但不保證數(shù)據(jù)傳遞。

2. 套接字

• TCP 套接字：用于面向連接的通信。
• UDP 套接字：用于無連接通信。

3. 并發(fā)

• Goroutines（協(xié)程）：允許在代碼中實(shí)現(xiàn)并行處理。
• Channels（通道）：用于協(xié)程之間的通信。

三、示例

示例 1：TCP 服務(wù)器和客戶端

TCP 服務(wù)器和客戶端示例演示了TCP通信的基礎(chǔ)。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

服務(wù)器：hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "net" "fmt")func main() { // Listen on TCP port 8080 on all available unicast and // any unicast IP addresses. listen, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080") if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } defer listen.Close() // Infinite loop to handle incoming connections for {  conn, err := listen.Accept()  if err != nil {   fmt.Println(err)   continue  }  // Launch a new goroutine to handle the connection  go handleConnection(conn) }}func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) { defer conn.Close() buffer := make([]byte, 1024) // Read the incoming connection into the buffer. _, err := conn.Read(buffer) if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } // Send a response back to the client. conn.Write([]byte("Received: " + string(buffer)))}

客戶端：hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "net" "fmt")func main() { // Connect to the server at localhost on port 8080. conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "localhost:8080") if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } defer conn.Close() // Send a message to the server. conn.Write([]byte("Hello, server!")) buffer := make([]byte, 1024) // Read the response from the server. conn.Read(buffer) fmt.Println(string(buffer))}

服務(wù)器在端口8080上等待連接，讀取傳入的消息并發(fā)送響應(yīng)。客戶端連接到服務(wù)器，發(fā)送消息并打印服務(wù)器的響應(yīng)。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 2：UDP 服務(wù)器和客戶端

與TCP不同，UDP是無連接的。以下是UDP服務(wù)器和客戶端的實(shí)現(xiàn)。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

服務(wù)器：hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "net" "fmt")func main() { // Listen for incoming UDP packets on port 8080. conn, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", ":8080") if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } defer conn.Close() buffer := make([]byte, 1024) // Read the incoming packet data into the buffer. n, addr, err := conn.ReadFrom(buffer) if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } fmt.Println("Received: ", string(buffer[:n])) // Write a response to the client's address. conn.WriteTo([]byte("Message received!"), addr)}

客戶端：hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "net" "fmt")func main() { // Resolve the server's address. addr, err := net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", "localhost:8080") if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } // Dial a connection to the resolved address. conn, err := net.DialUDP("udp", nil, addr) if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } defer conn.Close() // Write a message to the server. conn.Write([]byte("Hello, server!")) buffer := make([]byte, 1024) // Read the response from the server. conn.Read(buffer) fmt.Println(string(buffer))}

服務(wù)器從任何客戶端讀取消息并發(fā)送響應(yīng)。客戶端發(fā)送消息并等待響應(yīng)。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 3：并發(fā) TCP 服務(wù)器

并發(fā)允許同時(shí)處理多個(gè)客戶端。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "net" "fmt")func main() { // Listen on TCP port 8080. listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080") if err != nil {  fmt.Println(err)  return } defer listener.Close() for {  // Accept a connection.  conn, err := listener.Accept()  if err != nil {   fmt.Println(err)   continue  }  // Handle the connection in a new goroutine.  go handleConnection(conn) }}func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) { defer conn.Close() buffer := make([]byte, 1024) // Read the incoming connection. conn.Read(buffer) fmt.Println("Received:", string(buffer)) // Respond to the client. conn.Write([]byte("Message received!"))}

通過為每個(gè)連接使用新的 goroutine，多個(gè)客戶端可以同時(shí)連接。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 4：帶有 Gorilla Mux 的 HTTP 服務(wù)器

Gorilla Mux 庫簡化了 HTTP 請求路由。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "fmt" "github.com/gorilla/mux" "net/http")func main() { // Create a new router. r := mux.NewRouter() // Register a handler function for the root path. r.HandleFunc("/", homeHandler) http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)}func homeHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { // Respond with a welcome message. fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome to Home!")}

這段代碼設(shè)置了一個(gè) HTTP 服務(wù)器，并為根路徑定義了一個(gè)處理函數(shù)。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 5：HTTPS 服務(wù)器

實(shí)現(xiàn) HTTPS 服務(wù)器可以確保安全通信。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "net/http" "log")func main() { http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {  // Respond with a message.  w.Write([]byte("Hello, this is an HTTPS server!")) }) // Use the cert.pem and key.pem files to secure the server. log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServeTLS(":8080", "cert.pem", "key.pem", nil))}

服務(wù)器使用 TLS（傳輸層安全性）來加密通信。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 6：自定義 TCP 協(xié)議

可以使用自定義的 TCP 協(xié)議進(jìn)行專門的通信。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "net" "strings")func main() { // Listen on TCP port 8080. listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080") if err != nil {  panic(err) } defer listener.Close() for {  // Accept a connection.  conn, err := listener.Accept()  if err != nil {   panic(err)  }  // Handle the connection in a new goroutine.  go handleConnection(conn) }}func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) { defer conn.Close() buffer := make([]byte, 1024) // Read the incoming connection. conn.Read(buffer) // Process custom protocol command. cmd := strings.TrimSpace(string(buffer)) if cmd == "TIME" {  conn.Write([]byte("The current time is: " + time.Now().String())) } else {  conn.Write([]byte("Unknown command")) }}

這段代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)簡單的自定義協(xié)議，當(dāng)客戶端發(fā)送命令“TIME”時(shí)，它會回復(fù)當(dāng)前時(shí)間。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 7：使用 Gorilla WebSocket 進(jìn)行 WebSockets

WebSockets 提供了通過單一連接的實(shí)時(shí)全雙工通信。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "github.com/gorilla/websocket" "net/http")var upgrader = websocket.Upgrader{ ReadBufferSize:  1024, WriteBufferSize: 1024,}func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { conn, err := upgrader.Upgrade(w, r, nil) if err != nil {  http.Error(w, "Could not open websocket connection", http.StatusBadRequest)  return } defer conn.Close() for {  messageType, p, err := conn.ReadMessage()  if err != nil {   return  }  // Echo the message back to the client.  conn.WriteMessage(messageType, p) }}func main() { http.HandleFunc("/", handler) http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)}

WebSocket 服務(wù)器會將消息回傳給客戶端。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 8：連接超時(shí)

可以使用 context 包來管理連接超時(shí)。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "context" "fmt" "net" "time")func main() { // Create a context with a timeout of 2 seconds ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second) defer cancel() // Dialer using the context dialer := net.Dialer{} conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", "localhost:8080") if err != nil {  panic(err) } buffer := make([]byte, 1024) _, err = conn.Read(buffer) if err == nil {  fmt.Println("Received:", string(buffer)) } else {  fmt.Println("Connection error:", err) }}

這段代碼為從連接讀取數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)置了兩秒的截止時(shí)間。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

示例 9：使用 golang.org/x/time/rate 進(jìn)行速率限制

速率限制控制請求的速率。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

package mainimport ( "golang.org/x/time/rate" "net/http" "time")// Define a rate limiter allowing two requests per second with a burst capacity of five.var limiter = rate.NewLimiter(2, 5)func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { // Check if request is allowed by the rate limiter. if !limiter.Allow() {  http.Error(w, "Too Many Requests", http.StatusTooManyRequests)  return } w.Write([]byte("Welcome!"))}func main() { http.HandleFunc("/", handler) http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)}

此示例使用速率限制器，將請求速率限制為每秒兩個(gè)請求，突發(fā)容量為五個(gè)。hyF28資訊網(wǎng)——每日最新資訊28at.com

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